Caltech Archives

A last look at where we've been and a peek into the future.

Electron waves attracted to the nucleus of an atom help account for the periodic table of the elements and ultimately lead to the search for quarks.

Evidence that light can sometimes act like a particle leads to quantum mechanics, the new physics.

A history of the atom, from the ancient Greeks to the early 20th century, and a new challenge for the world of physics.

With the quest for low temperatures came the discovery that all elements can exist in each of the basic states of matter.

The Carnot engine, part two, with profound implications for the behavior of matter and the flow of time through the universe.

The Carnot engine, part one, beginning with simple steam engines.

Hot discoveries about the behavior of gases make the connection between temperature and heat.

The new meaning of space and time make it necessary to formulate a new mechanics.

Einstein is motivated to perfect the central ideas of physics, resulting in a new understanding of the meaning of space and time.

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